US+and+Canada+Study+Guide

=**//The United States and Canada//**=

**Vocabulary Study Guide**
__Chapter 1 Section 1__ 1. glacier-large mass of ice that moves slowly over the land, formed over a long period of time from snow 2. tributary-river or stream that flows into a larger river 3. Continental Divide-the boundary that separates rivers flowing toward opposite sides of a continent

__Chapter 1 Section 2__ 1. rain shadow-an area on the side of a mountain away from the wind that receives little rainfall 2. tropics-area on the Earth between 23.5*N and 23.5*S lines of latitude, where the climate is almost always hot 3. permafrost-permanently frozen layer of ground below the top layer of soil 4. prairie-region of flat or rolling land covered with tall grasses 5. province-political division of Canada, similar to a state in the US

__Chapter 1 Section 3__ 1. alluvial-deposited by water, relating to the fertile topsoil left by rivers after a flood 2. agribusiness-large company that runs huge farms to produce, process, and distribute agricultural products 3. hydroelectricity-electric power produced by moving water, usually generated by releasing water from a dam across a river

__Chapter 2 Section 1__ 1. indigenous-originating in a certain place 2. missionary-person who tries to convert others to his or her religion 3. indentured servant-person who, in exchange for benefits received, must work for a period of years to gain freedom 4. plantation-large, one crop farm with many workers, common in the Southern US before the Civil War 5. boycott-refusal to buy or use goods and services 6. Revolutionary War-war in which the American colonies won their independence from Britain, 1775-1781

__Chapter 2 Section 2__ 1. Louisiana Purchase-the sale of land in 1803 by France to the US; all the land between the Mississippi River and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains 2. Manifest Destiny-belief that the US had a right to own and rule all the land from the Atlantic O. to the Pacific O. 3. immigrant-person who moves to a new country in order to settle there 4. Industrial Revolution-change from making goods by hand to making them by machine; began in England in the 1700s and spread to the US and Europe 5. abolitionist-person who believed that enslaving people was wrong and wanted to end the practice 6. Civil War-war between the northern and southern states in the US, which began in 1861 and ended in 1865 7. Reconstruction-US plan for rebuilding the nation after the Civil War, included a period when the South was governed by the US Army 8. segregate-to set apart and force to use separate schools, housing, parks, and so on because of race and religion

__Chapter 2 Section 3__ 1. labor force-the supply of workers 2. settlement house-community center for poor immigrants to the US, for example, Jane Addams's House in Chicago 3. Homestead Act-law passed in 1862 giving 160 acres of land on the Midwestern Plains to any adult willing to live on it and farm it for five years 4. communism-system of government in which the government controls the means of industrial production, determining what goods are to be made, how much workers will be paid, and how much items will cost 5. Cold War-period of great tension between the US and the former Soviet Union, which lasted for more than 40 years after World War II 6. civil rights movement-large group of people who worked together in the US beginning in the 1960s to the end of segregation of African Americans and support equal rights for all minorities

__Chapter 2 Section 4__ 1. dominion-self-governing area subject to Great Britain, for example, Canada prior to 1939 2. bilingual-speaking of two languages, having two official languages

__Chapter 2 Section 5__ 1. fossil fuel-fuel formed over millions of years from animal and plant remains; includes coal, petroleum, and natural gas 2. acid rain-rain containing acid that is harmful to plants and trees, formed when pollutants from cars and factories combine with moisture in the air 3. clear-cut-type of logging in which all the trees in an area are cut down 4. interdependent-dependent on each other 5. tariff-fee charged on imported goods 6. free trade-trade with no tariffs, or taxes on imported goods 7. NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement, signed in 1994 by Canada, US, and Mexico to establish mutual free trade

__Chapter 3 Section 1__ 1. cultural diversity-wide variety of cultures 2. cultural exchange-process in which different cultures share ideas and ways of doing things 3. ethnic group-group of people who share a language, a religion, a history, and cultural traditions

__Chapter 3 Section 2__ 1. reserve-land set aside for a specific purpose, as by the Canadian government for indigenous peoples

__Chapter 4 Section 1__ 1. commute-to travel regularly to and from a place, particularly to and from a job 2. megalopolis-number of cities and suburbs that blends into one very large urban area 3. population density-the average number of people per square mile

__Chapter 4 Section 2__ 1. petrochemical-substance, such as plastic, paint, or asphalt, that is made from petroleum 2. industrialization-the process of building new industries in an area previously dominated by farming; the development of large industries 3. Sun Belt-broad area of the US that stretches from the southern Atlantic Coast to the coast of California; known for its warm weather

__Chapter 4 Section 3__ 1. mixed-crop farm-farm that grows several different kinds of crops 2. recession-downturn in business activity and economic prosperity, not as severe as a depression 3. corporate farm-large farm run by a corporation; may consist of many smaller farms once owned by families

__Chapter 4 Section 4__ 1. forty-niner-one of the first miners of the California Gold Rush of 1849 2. mass transit-system of subways, buses, and commuter trains used to transport large numbers of people

__Chapter 5 Section 1__ 1. Francophone-a person who speaks French as his or her first language 2. separatist-in Canada, someone who wants to use separate schools, housing, parks, and so on because of race or religion 3. Quiet Revolution-peaceful change in the government of the Province of Quebec, Canada, in which the Parti Quebecois won control of the legislature and made French the official language 4. referendum-ballot or vote in which voters decide for or against a particular issue

__Chapter 5 Section 2__ 1. immunity-natural resistance to disease

__Chapter 5 Section 3__ 1. totem pole-a tall, carved wooden pole containing tribe, clan, or family symbols, found among Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest 2. boom town-settlement that springs up quickly, often serves the needs of miners